Traffic

• 1: Backend Routing
• 2: Circuit Breakers
• 3: Client Traffic Policy
• 4: Connection Limit
• 5: Fault Injection
• 6: Gateway Address
• 7: Gateway API Support
• 8: Global Rate Limit
• 9: GRPC Routing
• 10: HTTP Redirects
• 11: HTTP Request Headers
• 12: HTTP Response Headers
• 13: HTTP Routing
• 14: HTTP Timeouts
• 15: HTTP URL Rewrite
• 16: HTTP3
• 17: HTTPRoute Request Mirroring
• 18: HTTPRoute Traffic Splitting
• 19: Load Balancing
• 20: Local Rate Limit
• 21: Multicluster Service Routing
• 22: Retry
• 23: Routing outside Kubernetes
• 24: TCP Routing
• 25: UDP Routing

1 - Backend Routing

Envoy Gateway supports routing to native K8s resources such as Service and ServiceImport. The Backend API is a custom Envoy Gateway extension resource that can used in Gateway-API BackendObjectReference.

Motivation

The Backend API was added to support several use cases:

• Allowing users to integrate Envoy with services (Ext Auth, Rate Limit, ALS, …) using Unix Domain Sockets, which are currently not supported by K8s.
• Simplify routing to cluster-external backends, which currently requires users to maintain both K8s Service and EndpointSlice resources.

Warning

Similar to the K8s EndpointSlice API, the Backend API can be misused to allow traffic to be sent to otherwise restricted destinations, as described in CVE-2021-25740. A Backend resource can be used to:

• Expose a Service or Pod that should not be accessible
• Reference a Service or Pod by a Route without appropriate Reference Grants
• Expose the Envoy Proxy localhost (including the Envoy admin endpoint)

For these reasons, the Backend API is disabled by default in Envoy Gateway configuration. Envoy Gateway admins are advised to follow upstream recommendations and restrict access to the Backend API using K8s RBAC.

Restrictions

The Backend API is currently supported only in the following BackendReferences:

• HTTPRoute: IP and FQDN endpoints
• Envoy Extension Policy (ExtProc): IP, FQDN and unix domain socket endpoints

The Backend API supports attachment the following policies:

• Backend TLS Policy

Certain restrictions apply on the value of hostnames and addresses. For example, the loopback IP address range and the localhost hostname are forbidden.

Envoy Gateway does not manage the lifecycle of unix domain sockets referenced by the Backend resource. Envoy Gateway admins are responsible for creating and mounting the sockets into the envoy proxy pod. The latter can be achieved by patching the envoy deployment using the EnvoyProxy resource.

Quickstart

Prerequisites

• Follow the steps from the Quickstart task to install Envoy Gateway and the example manifest. Before proceeding, you should be able to query the example backend using HTTP.

Enable Backend

• By default Backend is disabled. Lets enable it in the EnvoyGateway startup configuration

• The default installation of Envoy Gateway installs a default EnvoyGateway configuration and attaches it using a ConfigMap. In the next step, we will update this resource to enable Backend.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: envoy-gateway-config
  namespace: envoy-gateway-system
data:
  envoy-gateway.yaml: |
    apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
    kind: EnvoyGateway
    provider:
      type: Kubernetes
    gateway:
      controllerName: gateway.envoyproxy.io/gatewayclass-controller
    extensionApis:
      enableBackend: true
EOF

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: envoy-gateway-config
  namespace: envoy-gateway-system
data:
  envoy-gateway.yaml: |
    apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
    kind: EnvoyGateway
    provider:
      type: Kubernetes
    gateway:
      controllerName: gateway.envoyproxy.io/gatewayclass-controller
    extensionApis:
      enableBackend: true    

• After updating the ConfigMap, you will need to restart the envoy-gateway deployment so the configuration kicks in

kubectl rollout restart deployment envoy-gateway -n envoy-gateway-system

Testing

Route to External Backend

• In the following example, we will create a Backend resource that routes to httpbin.org:80 and a HTTPRoute that references this backend.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: backend
spec:
  parentRefs:
    - name: eg
  hostnames:
    - "www.example.com"
  rules:
    - backendRefs:
        - group: gateway.envoyproxy.io
          kind: Backend
          name: httpbin
      matches:
        - path:
            type: PathPrefix
            value: /
---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: Backend
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: default
spec:
  endpoints:
    - fqdn:
        hostname: httpbin.org
        port: 80
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: backend
spec:
  parentRefs:
    - name: eg
  hostnames:
    - "www.example.com"
  rules:
    - backendRefs:
        - group: gateway.envoyproxy.io
          kind: Backend
          name: httpbin
      matches:
        - path:
            type: PathPrefix
            value: /
---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: Backend
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: default
spec:
  endpoints:
    - fqdn:
        hostname: httpbin.org
        port: 80

Get the Gateway address:

export GATEWAY_HOST=$(kubectl get gateway/eg -o jsonpath='{.status.addresses[0].value}')

Send a request and view the response:

curl -I -HHost:www.example.com http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/headers

2 - Circuit Breakers

Envoy circuit breakers can be used to fail quickly and apply back-pressure in response to upstream service degradation.

Envoy Gateway supports the following circuit breaker thresholds:

• Concurrent Connections: limit the connections that Envoy can establish to the upstream service. When this threshold is met, new connections will not be established, and some requests will be queued until an existing connection becomes available.
• Concurrent Requests: limit on concurrent requests in-flight from Envoy to the upstream service. When this threshold is met, requests will be queued.
• Pending Requests: limit the pending request queue size. When this threshold is met, overflowing requests will be terminated with a 503 status code.

Envoy’s circuit breakers are distributed: counters are not synchronized across different Envoy processes. The default Envoy and Envoy Gateway circuit breaker threshold values (1024) may be too strict for high-throughput systems.

Envoy Gateway introduces a new CRD called BackendTrafficPolicy that allows the user to describe their desired circuit breaker thresholds. This instantiated resource can be linked to a Gateway, HTTPRoute or GRPCRoute resource.

Note: There are distinct circuit breaker counters for each BackendReference in an xRoute rule. Even if a BackendTrafficPolicy targets a Gateway, each BackendReference in that gateway still has separate circuit breaker counter.

Prerequisites

Install Envoy Gateway

• Follow the installation step from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and sample resources.

Install the hey load testing tool

• The hey CLI will be used to generate load and measure response times. Follow the installation instruction from the Hey project docs.

Test and customize circuit breaker settings

This example will simulate a degraded backend that responds within 10 seconds by adding the ?delay=10s query parameter to API calls. The hey tool will be used to generate 100 concurrent requests.

hey -n 100 -c 100 -host "www.example.com"  http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/?delay=10s

Summary:
  Total:	10.3426 secs
  Slowest:	10.3420 secs
  Fastest:	10.0664 secs
  Average:	10.2145 secs
  Requests/sec:	9.6687

  Total data:	36600 bytes
  Size/request:	366 bytes

Response time histogram:
  10.066 [1]	|■■■■
  10.094 [4]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.122 [9]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.149 [10]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.177 [10]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.204 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.232 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.259 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.287 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.314 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  10.342 [11]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

The default circuit breaker threshold (1024) is not met. As a result, requests do not overflow: all requests are proxied upstream and both Envoy and clients wait for 10s.

In order to fail fast, apply a BackendTrafficPolicy that limits concurrent requests to 10 and pending requests to 0.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: circuitbreaker-for-route
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: HTTPRoute
      name: backend
  circuitBreaker:
    maxPendingRequests: 0
    maxParallelRequests: 10
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: circuitbreaker-for-route
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: HTTPRoute
      name: backend
  circuitBreaker:
    maxPendingRequests: 0
    maxParallelRequests: 10

Execute the load simulation again.

hey -n 100 -c 100 -host "www.example.com"  http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/?delay=10s

Summary:
  Total:	10.1230 secs
  Slowest:	10.1224 secs
  Fastest:	0.0529 secs
  Average:	1.0677 secs
  Requests/sec:	9.8785

  Total data:	10940 bytes
  Size/request:	109 bytes

Response time histogram:
  0.053 [1]	|
  1.060 [89]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  2.067 [0]	|
  3.074 [0]	|
  4.081 [0]	|
  5.088 [0]	|
  6.095 [0]	|
  7.102 [0]	|
  8.109 [0]	|
  9.115 [0]	|
  10.122 [10]	|■■■■

With the new circuit breaker settings, and due to the slowness of the backend, only the first 10 concurrent requests were proxied, while the other 90 overflowed.

• Overflowing Requests failed fast, reducing proxy resource consumption.
• Upstream traffic was limited, alleviating the pressure on the degraded service.

3 - Client Traffic Policy

This task explains the usage of the ClientTrafficPolicy API.

Introduction

The ClientTrafficPolicy API allows system administrators to configure the behavior for how the Envoy Proxy server behaves with downstream clients.

Motivation

This API was added as a new policy attachment resource that can be applied to Gateway resources and it is meant to hold settings for configuring behavior of the connection between the downstream client and Envoy Proxy listener. It is the counterpart to the BackendTrafficPolicy API resource.

Quickstart

Prerequisites

• Follow the steps from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and the example manifest. Before proceeding, you should be able to query the example backend using HTTP.

Support TCP keepalive for downstream client

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: enable-tcp-keepalive-policy
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  tcpKeepalive:
    idleTime: 20m
    interval: 60s
    probes: 3
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: enable-tcp-keepalive-policy
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  tcpKeepalive:
    idleTime: 20m
    interval: 60s
    probes: 3

Verify that ClientTrafficPolicy is Accepted:

kubectl get clienttrafficpolicies.gateway.envoyproxy.io -n default

You should see the policy marked as accepted like this:

NAME                          STATUS     AGE
enable-tcp-keepalive-policy   Accepted   5s

Curl the example app through Envoy proxy once again:

curl --verbose  --header "Host: www.example.com" http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get --next --header "Host: www.example.com" http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get

You should see the output like this:

*   Trying 172.18.255.202:80...
* Connected to 172.18.255.202 (172.18.255.202) port 80 (#0)
> GET /get HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.1.2
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< content-type: application/json
< x-content-type-options: nosniff
< date: Fri, 01 Dec 2023 10:17:04 GMT
< content-length: 507
< x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
< server: envoy
<
{
 "path": "/get",
 "host": "www.example.com",
 "method": "GET",
 "proto": "HTTP/1.1",
 "headers": {
  "Accept": [
   "*/*"
  ],
  "User-Agent": [
   "curl/8.1.2"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Expected-Rq-Timeout-Ms": [
   "15000"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Internal": [
   "true"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-For": [
   "172.18.0.2"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-Proto": [
   "http"
  ],
  "X-Request-Id": [
   "4d0d33e8-d611-41f0-9da0-6458eec20fa5"
  ]
 },
 "namespace": "default",
 "ingress": "",
 "service": "",
 "pod": "backend-58d58f745-2zwvn"
* Connection #0 to host 172.18.255.202 left intact
}* Found bundle for host: 0x7fb9f5204ea0 [serially]
* Can not multiplex, even if we wanted to
* Re-using existing connection #0 with host 172.18.255.202
> GET /headers HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.1.2
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< content-type: application/json
< x-content-type-options: nosniff
< date: Fri, 01 Dec 2023 10:17:04 GMT
< content-length: 511
< x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
< server: envoy
<
{
 "path": "/headers",
 "host": "www.example.com",
 "method": "GET",
 "proto": "HTTP/1.1",
 "headers": {
  "Accept": [
   "*/*"
  ],
  "User-Agent": [
   "curl/8.1.2"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Expected-Rq-Timeout-Ms": [
   "15000"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Internal": [
   "true"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-For": [
   "172.18.0.2"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-Proto": [
   "http"
  ],
  "X-Request-Id": [
   "9a8874c0-c117-481c-9b04-933571732ca5"
  ]
 },
 "namespace": "default",
 "ingress": "",
 "service": "",
 "pod": "backend-58d58f745-2zwvn"
* Connection #0 to host 172.18.255.202 left intact
}

You can see keepalive connection marked by the output in:

* Connection #0 to host 172.18.255.202 left intact
* Re-using existing connection #0 with host 172.18.255.202

Enable Proxy Protocol for downstream client

This example configures Proxy Protocol for downstream clients.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: enable-proxy-protocol-policy
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  enableProxyProtocol: true
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: enable-proxy-protocol-policy
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  enableProxyProtocol: true

Verify that ClientTrafficPolicy is Accepted:

kubectl get clienttrafficpolicies.gateway.envoyproxy.io -n default

You should see the policy marked as accepted like this:

NAME                          STATUS     AGE
enable-proxy-protocol-policy   Accepted   5s

Try the endpoint without using PROXY protocol with curl:

curl -v --header "Host: www.example.com" http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get

*   Trying 172.18.255.202:80...
* Connected to 172.18.255.202 (172.18.255.202) port 80 (#0)
> GET /get HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.1.2
> Accept: */*
>
* Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
* Closing connection 0
curl: (56) Recv failure: Connection reset by peer

Curl the example app through Envoy proxy once again, now sending HAProxy PROXY protocol header at the beginning of the connection with –haproxy-protocol flag:

curl --verbose --haproxy-protocol --header "Host: www.example.com" http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get

You should now expect 200 response status and also see that source IP was preserved in the X-Forwarded-For header.

*   Trying 172.18.255.202:80...
* Connected to 172.18.255.202 (172.18.255.202) port 80 (#0)
> GET /get HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.1.2
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< content-type: application/json
< x-content-type-options: nosniff
< date: Mon, 04 Dec 2023 21:11:43 GMT
< content-length: 510
< x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
< server: envoy
<
{
 "path": "/get",
 "host": "www.example.com",
 "method": "GET",
 "proto": "HTTP/1.1",
 "headers": {
  "Accept": [
   "*/*"
  ],
  "User-Agent": [
   "curl/8.1.2"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Expected-Rq-Timeout-Ms": [
   "15000"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Internal": [
   "true"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-For": [
   "192.168.255.6"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-Proto": [
   "http"
  ],
  "X-Request-Id": [
   "290e4b61-44b7-4e5c-a39c-0ec76784e897"
  ]
 },
 "namespace": "default",
 "ingress": "",
 "service": "",
 "pod": "backend-58d58f745-2zwvn"
* Connection #0 to host 172.18.255.202 left intact
}

Configure Client IP Detection

This example configures the number of additional ingress proxy hops from the right side of XFF HTTP headers to trust when determining the origin client’s IP address and determines whether or not x-forwarded-proto headers will be trusted. Refer to https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/configuration/http/http_conn_man/headers#x-forwarded-for for details.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: http-client-ip-detection
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  clientIPDetection:
    xForwardedFor:
      numTrustedHops: 2
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: http-client-ip-detection
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  clientIPDetection:
    xForwardedFor:
      numTrustedHops: 2

Verify that ClientTrafficPolicy is Accepted:

kubectl get clienttrafficpolicies.gateway.envoyproxy.io -n default

You should see the policy marked as accepted like this:

NAME                          STATUS     AGE
http-client-ip-detection   Accepted   5s

Open port-forward to the admin interface port:

kubectl port-forward deploy/${ENVOY_DEPLOYMENT} -n envoy-gateway-system 19000:19000

Curl the admin interface port to fetch the configured value for xff_num_trusted_hops:

curl -s 'http://localhost:19000/config_dump?resource=dynamic_listeners' \
  | jq -r '.configs[0].active_state.listener.default_filter_chain.filters[0].typed_config 
      | with_entries(select(.key | match("xff|remote_address|original_ip")))'

You should expect to see the following:

{
  "use_remote_address": true,
  "xff_num_trusted_hops": 2
}

Curl the example app through Envoy proxy:

curl -v http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get \
  -H "Host: www.example.com" \
  -H "X-Forwarded-Proto: https" \
  -H "X-Forwarded-For: 1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2"

You should expect 200 response status, see that X-Forwarded-Proto was preserved and X-Envoy-External-Address was set to the leftmost address in the X-Forwarded-For header:

*   Trying [::1]:8888...
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8888
> GET /get HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.4.0
> Accept: */*
> X-Forwarded-Proto: https
> X-Forwarded-For: 1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2
> 
Handling connection for 8888
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< content-type: application/json
< x-content-type-options: nosniff
< date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 15:19:22 GMT
< content-length: 535
< x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
< server: envoy
< 
{
 "path": "/get",
 "host": "www.example.com",
 "method": "GET",
 "proto": "HTTP/1.1",
 "headers": {
  "Accept": [
   "*/*"
  ],
  "User-Agent": [
   "curl/8.4.0"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-Expected-Rq-Timeout-Ms": [
   "15000"
  ],
  "X-Envoy-External-Address": [
   "1.1.1.1"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-For": [
   "1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2,10.244.0.9"
  ],
  "X-Forwarded-Proto": [
   "https"
  ],
  "X-Request-Id": [
   "53ccfad7-1899-40fa-9322-ddb833aa1ac3"
  ]
 },
 "namespace": "default",
 "ingress": "",
 "service": "",
 "pod": "backend-58d58f745-8psnc"
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
}

Enable HTTP Request Received Timeout

This feature allows you to limit the time taken by the Envoy Proxy fleet to receive the entire request from the client, which is useful in preventing certain clients from consuming too much memory in Envoy This example configures the HTTP request timeout for the client, please check out the details here.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  timeout:
    http:
      requestReceivedTimeout: 2s
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  timeout:
    http:
      requestReceivedTimeout: 2s

Curl the example app through Envoy proxy:

curl -v http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get \
  -H "Host: www.example.com" \
  -H "Content-Length: 10000"

You should expect 428 response status after 2s:

curl -v http://$GATEWAY_HOST/get \
  -H "Host: www.example.com" \
  -H "Content-Length: 10000"
*   Trying 172.18.255.200:80...
* Connected to 172.18.255.200 (172.18.255.200) port 80
> GET /get HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> User-Agent: curl/8.4.0
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 10000
>
< HTTP/1.1 408 Request Timeout
< content-length: 15
< content-type: text/plain
< date: Tue, 27 Feb 2024 07:38:27 GMT
< connection: close
<
* Closing connection
request timeout

Configure Client HTTP Idle Timeout

The idle timeout is defined as the period in which there are no active requests. When the idle timeout is reached the connection will be closed. For more details see here.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  timeout:
    http:
      idleTimeout: 5s
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  timeout:
    http:
      idleTimeout: 5s

Curl the example app through Envoy proxy:

openssl s_client -crlf -connect $GATEWAY_HOST:443

You should expect the connection to be closed after 5s.

You can also check the number of connections closed due to idle timeout by using the following query:

envoy_http_downstream_cx_idle_timeout{envoy_http_conn_manager_prefix="<name of connection manager>"} 

The number of connections closed due to idle timeout should be increased by 1.

Configure Downstream Per Connection Buffer Limit

This feature allows you to set a soft limit on size of the listener’s new connection read and write buffers. The size is configured using the resource.Quantity format, see examples here.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  connection:
    bufferLimit: 1024
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: client-timeout
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  connection:
    bufferLimit: 1024

4 - Connection Limit

The connection limit features allows users to limit the number of concurrently active TCP connections on a Gateway or a Listener. When the connection limit is reached, new connections are closed immediately by Envoy proxy. It’s possible to configure a delay for connection rejection.

Users may want to limit the number of connections for several reasons:

• Protect resources like CPU and Memory.
• Ensure that different listeners can receive a fair share of global resources.
• Protect from malicious activity like DoS attacks.

Envoy Gateway introduces a new CRD called Client Traffic Policy that allows the user to describe their desired connection limit settings. This instantiated resource can be linked to a Gateway.

The Envoy connection limit implementation is distributed: counters are not synchronized between different envoy proxies.

When a Client Traffic Policy is attached to a gateway, the connection limit will apply differently based on the Listener protocol in use:

• HTTP: all HTTP listeners in a Gateway will share a common connection counter, and a limit defined by the policy.
• HTTPS/TLS: each HTTPS/TLS listener will have a dedicated connection counter, and a limit defined by the policy.

Prerequisites

Install Envoy Gateway

• Follow the steps from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and the HTTPRoute example manifest. Before proceeding, you should be able to query the example backend using HTTP.

Install the hey load testing tool

• The hey CLI will be used to generate load and measure response times. Follow the installation instruction from the Hey project docs.

Test and customize connection limit settings

This example we use hey to open 10 connections and execute 1 RPS per connection for 10 seconds.

hey -c 10 -q 1 -z 10s  -host "www.example.com" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get

Summary:
  Total:	10.0058 secs
  Slowest:	0.0275 secs
  Fastest:	0.0029 secs
  Average:	0.0111 secs
  Requests/sec:	9.9942

[...]

Status code distribution:
  [200]	100 responses

There are no connection limits, and so all 100 requests succeed.

Next, we apply a limit of 5 connections.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: connection-limit-ctp
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  connection:
    connectionLimit:
      value: 5    
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClientTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: connection-limit-ctp
  namespace: default
spec:
  targetRefs:
    - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
      kind: Gateway
      name: eg
  connection:
    connectionLimit:
      value: 5    

Execute the load simulation again.

hey -c 10 -q 1 -z 10s  -host "www.example.com" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get

Summary:
  Total:	11.0327 secs
  Slowest:	0.0361 secs
  Fastest:	0.0013 secs
  Average:	0.0088 secs
  Requests/sec:	9.0640

[...] 

Status code distribution:
  [200]	50 responses

Error distribution:
  [50]	Get "http://localhost:8888/get": EOF

With the new connection limit, only 5 of 10 connections are established, and so only 50 requests succeed.

5 - Fault Injection

Envoy fault injection can be used to inject delays and abort requests to mimic failure scenarios such as service failures and overloads.

Envoy Gateway supports the following fault scenarios:

• delay fault: inject a custom fixed delay into the request with a certain probability to simulate delay failures.
• abort fault: inject a custom response code into the response with a certain probability to simulate abort failures.

Envoy Gateway introduces a new CRD called BackendTrafficPolicy that allows the user to describe their desired fault scenarios. This instantiated resource can be linked to a Gateway, HTTPRoute or GRPCRoute resource.

Prerequisites

Follow the steps from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and the example manifest. For GRPC - follow the steps from the GRPC Routing example. Before proceeding, you should be able to query the example backend using HTTP or GRPC.

Install the hey load testing tool

• The hey CLI will be used to generate load and measure response times. Follow the installation instruction from the Hey project docs.

Configuration

Allow requests with a valid faultInjection by creating an BackendTrafficPolicy and attaching it to the example HTTPRoute or GRPCRoute.

HTTPRoute

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-50-percent-abort
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: foo
  faultInjection:
    abort:
      httpStatus: 501
      percentage: 50
---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-delay
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: bar
  faultInjection:
    delay:
      fixedDelay: 2s
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: foo
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - "www.example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
      weight: 1
    matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /foo
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: bar
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - "www.example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
      weight: 1
    matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /bar
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-50-percent-abort
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: foo
  faultInjection:
    abort:
      httpStatus: 501
      percentage: 50
---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-delay
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: bar
  faultInjection:
    delay:
      fixedDelay: 2s
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: foo
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - "www.example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
      weight: 1
    matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /foo
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: bar
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - "www.example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
      weight: 1
    matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /bar

Two HTTPRoute resources were created, one for /foo and another for /bar. fault-injection-abort BackendTrafficPolicy has been created and targeted HTTPRoute foo to abort requests for /foo. fault-injection-delay BackendTrafficPolicy has been created and targeted HTTPRoute foo to delay 2s requests for /bar.

Verify the HTTPRoute configuration and status:

kubectl get httproute/foo -o yaml
kubectl get httproute/bar -o yaml

Verify the BackendTrafficPolicy configuration:

kubectl get backendtrafficpolicy/fault-injection-50-percent-abort -o yaml
kubectl get backendtrafficpolicy/fault-injection-delay -o yaml

GRPCRoute

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-abort
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: GRPCRoute
    name: yages
  faultInjection:
    abort:
      grpcStatus: 14
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: GRPCRoute
metadata:
  name: yages
  labels:
    example: grpc-routing
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: example-gateway
  hostnames:
  - "grpc-example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: yages
      port: 9000
      weight: 1
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy
metadata:
  name: fault-injection-abort
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: GRPCRoute
    name: yages
  faultInjection:
    abort:
      grpcStatus: 14
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: GRPCRoute
metadata:
  name: yages
  labels:
    example: grpc-routing
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: example-gateway
  hostnames:
  - "grpc-example.com"
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: yages
      port: 9000
      weight: 1

A BackendTrafficPolicy has been created and targeted GRPCRoute yages to abort requests for yages service..

Verify the GRPCRoute configuration and status:

kubectl get grpcroute/yages -o yaml

Verify the SecurityPolicy configuration:

kubectl get backendtrafficpolicy/fault-injection-abort -o yaml

Testing

Ensure the GATEWAY_HOST environment variable from the Quickstart is set. If not, follow the Quickstart instructions to set the variable.

echo $GATEWAY_HOST

HTTPRoute

Verify that requests to foo route are aborted.

hey -n 1000 -c 100 -host "www.example.com"  http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/foo

Status code distribution:
  [200]	501 responses
  [501]	499 responses

Verify that requests to bar route are delayed.

hey -n 1000 -c 100 -host "www.example.com"  http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/bar

Summary:
  Total:	20.1493 secs
  Slowest:	2.1020 secs
  Fastest:	1.9940 secs
  Average:	2.0123 secs
  Requests/sec:	49.6295

  Total data:	557000 bytes
  Size/request:	557 bytes

Response time histogram:
  1.994 [1]	|
  2.005 [475]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  2.016 [419]	|■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
  2.026 [5]	|
  2.037 [0]	|
  2.048 [0]	|
  2.059 [30]	|■■■
  2.070 [0]	|
  2.080 [0]	|
  2.091 [11]	|■
  2.102 [59]	|■■■■■

GRPCRoute

Verify that requests to yagesservice are aborted.

grpcurl -plaintext -authority=grpc-example.com ${GATEWAY_HOST}:80 yages.Echo/Ping

You should see the below response

Error invoking method "yages.Echo/Ping": rpc error: code = Unavailable desc = failed to query for service descriptor "yages.Echo": fault filter abort

Clean-Up

Follow the steps from the Quickstart to uninstall Envoy Gateway and the example manifest.

Delete the BackendTrafficPolicy:

kubectl delete BackendTrafficPolicy/fault-injection-abort

6 - Gateway Address

The Gateway API provides an optional Addresses field through which Envoy Gateway can set addresses for Envoy Proxy Service. Depending on the Service Type, the addresses of gateway can be used as:

• External IPs
• Cluster IP

Prerequisites

Follow the steps from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and the example manifest.

External IPs

Using the addresses in Gateway.Spec.Addresses as the External IPs of Envoy Proxy Service, this will require the address to be of type IPAddress and the ServiceType to be of LoadBalancer or NodePort.

The Envoy Gateway deploys Envoy Proxy Service as LoadBalancer by default, so you can set the address of the Gateway directly (the address settings here are for reference only):

kubectl patch gateway eg --type=json --patch '
- op: add
  path: /spec/addresses
  value:
   - type: IPAddress
     value: 1.2.3.4
'

Verify the Gateway status:

kubectl get gateway

NAME   CLASS   ADDRESS   PROGRAMMED   AGE
eg     eg      1.2.3.4   True         14m

Verify the Envoy Proxy Service status:

kubectl get service -n envoy-gateway-system

NAME                            TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
envoy-default-eg-64656661       LoadBalancer   10.96.236.219   1.2.3.4       80:31017/TCP   15m
envoy-gateway                   ClusterIP      10.96.192.76    <none>        18000/TCP      15m
envoy-gateway-metrics-service   ClusterIP      10.96.124.73    <none>        8443/TCP       15m

Note: If the Gateway.Spec.Addresses is explicitly set, it will be the only addresses that populates the Gateway status.

Cluster IP

Using the addresses in Gateway.Spec.Addresses as the Cluster IP of Envoy Proxy Service, this will require the address to be of type IPAddress and the ServiceType to be of ClusterIP.

7 - Gateway API Support

As mentioned in the system design document, Envoy Gateway’s managed data plane is configured dynamically through Kubernetes resources, primarily Gateway API objects. Envoy Gateway supports configuration using the following Gateway API resources.

GatewayClass

A GatewayClass represents a “class” of gateways, i.e. which Gateways should be managed by Envoy Gateway. Envoy Gateway supports managing a single GatewayClass resource that matches its configured controllerName and follows Gateway API guidelines for resolving conflicts when multiple GatewayClasses exist with a matching controllerName.

Note: If specifying GatewayClass parameters reference, it must refer to an EnvoyProxy resource.

Gateway

When a Gateway resource is created that references the managed GatewayClass, Envoy Gateway will create and manage a new Envoy Proxy deployment. Gateway API resources that reference this Gateway will configure this managed Envoy Proxy deployment.

HTTPRoute

A HTTPRoute configures routing of HTTP traffic through one or more Gateways. The following HTTPRoute filters are supported by Envoy Gateway:

• requestHeaderModifier: RequestHeaderModifiers can be used to modify or add request headers before the request is proxied to its destination.
• responseHeaderModifier: ResponseHeaderModifiers can be used to modify or add response headers before the response is sent back to the client.
• requestMirror: RequestMirrors configure destinations where the requests should also be mirrored to. Responses to mirrored requests will be ignored.
• requestRedirect: RequestRedirects configure policied for how requests that match the HTTPRoute should be modified and then redirected.
• urlRewrite: UrlRewrites allow for modification of the request’s hostname and path before it is proxied to its destination.
• extensionRef: ExtensionRefs are used by Envoy Gateway to implement extended filters. Currently, Envoy Gateway supports rate limiting and request authentication filters. For more information about these filters, refer to the rate limiting and request authentication documentation.

Notes:

• The only BackendRef kind supported by Envoy Gateway is a Service. Routing traffic to other destinations such as arbitrary URLs is not possible.
• Only requestHeaderModifier and responseHeaderModifier filters are currently supported within HTTPBackendRef.

TCPRoute

A TCPRoute configures routing of raw TCP traffic through one or more Gateways. Traffic can be forwarded to the desired BackendRefs based on a TCP port number.

Note: A TCPRoute only supports proxying in non-transparent mode, i.e. the backend will see the source IP and port of the Envoy Proxy instance instead of the client.

UDPRoute

A UDPRoute configures routing of raw UDP traffic through one or more Gateways. Traffic can be forwarded to the desired BackendRefs based on a UDP port number.

Note: Similar to TCPRoutes, UDPRoutes only support proxying in non-transparent mode i.e. the backend will see the source IP and port of the Envoy Proxy instance instead of the client.

GRPCRoute

A GRPCRoute configures routing of gRPC requests through one or more Gateways. They offer request matching by hostname, gRPC service, gRPC method, or HTTP/2 Header. Envoy Gateway supports the following filters on GRPCRoutes to provide additional traffic processing:

• requestHeaderModifier: RequestHeaderModifiers can be used to modify or add request headers before the request is proxied to its destination.
• responseHeaderModifier: ResponseHeaderModifiers can be used to modify or add response headers before the response is sent back to the client.
• requestMirror: RequestMirrors configure destinations where the requests should also be mirrored to. Responses to mirrored requests will be ignored.

Notes:

• The only BackendRef kind supported by Envoy Gateway is a Service. Routing traffic to other destinations such as arbitrary URLs is not currently possible.
• Only requestHeaderModifier and responseHeaderModifier filters are currently supported within GRPCBackendRef.

TLSRoute

A TLSRoute configures routing of TCP traffic through one or more Gateways. However, unlike TCPRoutes, TLSRoutes can match against TLS-specific metadata.

ReferenceGrant

A ReferenceGrant is used to allow a resource to reference another resource in a different namespace. Normally an HTTPRoute created in namespace foo is not allowed to reference a Service in namespace bar. A ReferenceGrant permits these types of cross-namespace references. Envoy Gateway supports the following ReferenceGrant use-cases:

• Allowing an HTTPRoute, GRPCRoute, TLSRoute, UDPRoute, or TCPRoute to reference a Service in a different namespace.
• Allowing an HTTPRoute’s requestMirror filter to include a BackendRef that references a Service in a different namespace.
• Allowing a Gateway’s SecretObjectReference to reference a secret in a different namespace.

8 - Global Rate Limit

Rate limit is a feature that allows the user to limit the number of incoming requests to a predefined value based on attributes within the traffic flow.

Here are some reasons why you may want to implement Rate limits

• To prevent malicious activity such as DDoS attacks.
• To prevent applications and its resources (such as a database) from getting overloaded.
• To create API limits based on user entitlements.

Envoy Gateway supports two types of rate limiting: Global rate limiting and Local rate limiting.

Global rate limiting applies a shared rate limit to the traffic flowing through all the instances of Envoy proxies where it is configured. i.e. if the data plane has 2 replicas of Envoy running, and the rate limit is 10 requests/second, this limit is shared and will be hit if 5 requests pass through the first replica and 5 requests pass through the second replica within the same second.

Envoy Gateway introduces a new CRD called BackendTrafficPolicy that allows the user to describe their rate limit intent. This instantiated resource can be linked to a Gateway, HTTPRoute or GRPCRoute resource.

Note: Limit is applied per route. Even if a BackendTrafficPolicy targets a gateway, each route in that gateway still has a separate rate limit bucket. For example, if a gateway has 2 routes, and the limit is 100r/s, then each route has its own 100r/s rate limit bucket.

Prerequisites

Install Envoy Gateway

• Follow the steps from the Quickstart to install Envoy Gateway and the HTTPRoute example manifest. Before proceeding, you should be able to query the example backend using HTTP.

Install Redis

• The global rate limit feature is based on Envoy Ratelimit which requires a Redis instance as its caching layer. Lets install a Redis deployment in the redis-system namespce.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: redis-system 
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: redis
  namespace: redis-system
  labels:
    app: redis
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: redis
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: redis
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: redis:6.0.6
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: redis
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 1500m
            memory: 512Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
            memory: 256Mi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: redis
  namespace: redis-system 
  labels:
    app: redis
  annotations:
spec:
  ports:
  - name: redis
    port: 6379
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 6379
  selector:
    app: redis
EOF

---
kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: redis-system 
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: redis
  namespace: redis-system
  labels:
    app: redis
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: redis
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: redis
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: redis:6.0.6
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: redis
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 1500m
            memory: 512Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 200m
            memory: 256Mi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: redis
  namespace: redis-system 
  labels:
    app: redis
  annotations:
spec:
  ports:
  - name: redis
    port: 6379
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 6379
  selector:
    app: redis

Enable Global Rate limit in Envoy Gateway

• The default installation of Envoy Gateway installs a default EnvoyGateway configuration and attaches it using a ConfigMap. In the next step, we will update this resource to enable rate limit in Envoy Gateway as well as configure the URL for the Redis instance used for Global rate limiting.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: envoy-gateway-config
  namespace: envoy-gateway-system
data:
  envoy-gateway.yaml: |
    apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
    kind: EnvoyGateway
    provider:
      type: Kubernetes
    gateway:
      controllerName: gateway.envoyproxy.io/gatewayclass-controller
    rateLimit:
      backend:
        type: Redis
        redis:
          url: redis.redis-system.svc.cluster.local:6379
EOF

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: envoy-gateway-config
  namespace: envoy-gateway-system
data:
  envoy-gateway.yaml: |
    apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
    kind: EnvoyGateway
    provider:
      type: Kubernetes
    gateway:
      controllerName: gateway.envoyproxy.io/gatewayclass-controller
    rateLimit:
      backend:
        type: Redis
        redis:
          url: redis.redis-system.svc.cluster.local:6379    

• After updating the ConfigMap, you will need to restart the envoy-gateway deployment so the configuration kicks in

kubectl rollout restart deployment envoy-gateway -n envoy-gateway-system

Rate Limit Specific User

Here is an example of a rate limit implemented by the application developer to limit a specific user by matching on a custom x-user-id header with a value set to one.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - headers:
          - name: x-user-id
            value: one
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - headers:
          - name: x-user-id
            value: one
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour

HTTPRoute

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000

The HTTPRoute status should indicate that it has been accepted and is bound to the example Gateway.

kubectl get httproute/http-ratelimit -o yaml

Get the Gateway’s address:

export GATEWAY_HOST=$(kubectl get gateway/eg -o jsonpath='{.status.addresses[0].value}')

Let’s query ratelimit.example/get 4 times. We should receive a 200 response from the example Gateway for the first 3 requests and then receive a 429 status code for the 4th request since the limit is set at 3 requests/Hour for the request which contains the header x-user-id and value one.

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" --header "x-user-id: one" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:31 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 4
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:32 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 2
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:33 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
x-envoy-ratelimited: true
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:34 GMT
server: envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

You should be able to send requests with the x-user-id header and a different value and receive successful responses from the server.

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" --header "x-user-id: two" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:34:36 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:34:37 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:34:38 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:34:39 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

Rate Limit Distinct Users

Here is an example of a rate limit implemented by the application developer to limit distinct users who can be differentiated based on the value in the x-user-id header. Here, user one (recognised from the traffic flow using the header x-user-id and value one) will be rate limited at 3 requests/hour and so will user two (recognised from the traffic flow using the header x-user-id and value two).

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - headers:
          - type: Distinct
            name: x-user-id
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - headers:
          - type: Distinct
            name: x-user-id
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour

HTTPRoute

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000

Lets run the same command again with the header x-user-id and value one set in the request. We should the first 3 requests succeeding and the 4th request being rate limited.

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" --header "x-user-id: one" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:31 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 4
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:32 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 2
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:33 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
x-envoy-ratelimited: true
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:34 GMT
server: envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

You should see the same behavior when the value for header x-user-id is set to two and 4 requests are sent.

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" --header "x-user-id: two" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:31 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 4
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:32 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 2
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:33 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
x-envoy-ratelimited: true
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:34 GMT
server: envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

Rate Limit All Requests

This example shows you how to rate limit all requests matching the HTTPRoute rule at 3 requests/Hour by leaving the clientSelectors field unset.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour

HTTPRoute

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:31 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 4
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:32 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 2
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:33 GMT
content-length: 460
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
x-envoy-ratelimited: true
date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 02:33:34 GMT
server: envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

Rate Limit Client IP Addresses

Here is an example of a rate limit implemented by the application developer to limit distinct users who can be differentiated based on their IP address (also reflected in the X-Forwarded-For header).

Note: EG supports two kinds of rate limit for the IP address: Exact and Distinct.

• Exact means that all IP addresses within the specified Source IP CIDR share the same rate limit bucket.
• Distinct means that each IP address within the specified Source IP CIDR has its own rate limit bucket.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - sourceCIDR: 
            value: 0.0.0.0/0
            type: Distinct
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
EOF

---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: http-ratelimit
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - sourceCIDR: 
            value: 0.0.0.0/0
            type: Distinct
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http-ratelimit
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example 
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /
    backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000

for i in {1..4}; do curl -I --header "Host: ratelimit.example" http://${GATEWAY_HOST}/get ; sleep 1; done

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 08:28:45 GMT
content-length: 512
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 08:28:46 GMT
content-length: 512
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: application/json
x-content-type-options: nosniff
date: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 08:28:48 GMT
content-length: 512
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 0
server: envoy

HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
x-envoy-ratelimited: true
date: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 08:28:48 GMT
server: envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

Rate Limit Jwt Claims

Here is an example of a rate limit implemented by the application developer to limit distinct users who can be differentiated based on the value of the Jwt claims carried.

• Apply from stdin
• Apply from file

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: SecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: jwt-example
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: example
  jwt:
    providers:
    - name: example
      remoteJWKS:
        uri: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/envoyproxy/gateway/main/examples/kubernetes/jwt/jwks.json
      claimToHeaders:
      - claim: name
        header: x-claim-name
---
apiVersion: gateway.envoyproxy.io/v1alpha1
kind: BackendTrafficPolicy 
metadata:
  name: policy-httproute
spec:
  targetRefs:
  - group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: example 
  rateLimit:
    type: Global
    global:
      rules:
      - clientSelectors:
        - headers:
          - name: x-claim-name
            value: John Doe
        limit:
          requests: 3
          unit: Hour
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: example
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: eg
  hostnames:
  - ratelimit.example
  rules:
  - backendRefs:
    - group: ""
      kind: Service
      name: backend
      port: 3000
      weight: 1
    matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /foo
EOF